• "There are striking similarities between chronic fatigue syndrome and Addison's disease, which share 26 features, including all of the neuropsychological symptoms"
  Canadian Medical Association Journal http://www.cma.ca/cmaj/vol-160/issue-5/0636a.htm

• Professor Ted Dinan and Dr. Lucinda Scott, St. Batholomew's Hospital, London. Radiology, 1998, 209 (supl) 411-412.

• De Becker P, Roeykens J, Reynders M, Mc Gregor N, De Meirleir K. Exercise capacity in chronic fatigue syndrome. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:3270-3277

• Bell, David S., M.D. The Doctor’s Guide to Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. 1993 Addison Wesley, pp. 115.

• Shrunken adrenal glands confirmed by Research at St. James Hospital, Dublin, Ireland, in 2001.

• Demitrack M, et al. Evidence for impaired activation of the hypothalamic-adrenal-pituitary axis in patients with CFS. J Clin Endocrin Metab 1991;73:1224-34.

• McKenzie R, et al. Low-dose hydrocortisone for treatment of CFS. JAMA1998;280:1061-66.

• Scott LV, Dinan TG: Urinary free cortisol excretion in chronic fatigue syndrome, major depression and in healthy volunteers. J Affect Disord 1998, 47:49-54.

• Scott LV, et al. Small adrenal glands in chronic fatigue syndrome: a preliminary computer tomography study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1999;24:759-68.

• Teitelbaum, Jacob, M.D., From Fatigued to Fantastic: A Manual for Moving Beyond Chronic Fatigue and Fibromyalgia. 1995 Deva Press, pp.36.

The theories of Alfred J Plechner D.V.M. state that low amounts of free adrenal cortisone combined with too much adrenal estrogen and the subsequent binding of thyroid hormones by estrogen from the adrenals can contribute to a wide range of health related problems has support from other experts. The Great Smokies Diagnostic Laboratory (www.gsdl.com) states in their Adrenal Cortex Stress Profile that "Researchers have proposed that CFS is actually a disease of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Unlike ordinary fatigue, however, CFS is typically characterized by low free cortisol levels and adrenal insufficiency. Raising cortisol levels by even small amounts has been found to improve unexplained fatigue symptoms in many CFS patients."

• Demitrack MA et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991; 73: 1224

• Demitrack, Mark A., Janet K. Dale, Stephen E. Straus et al.; "Evidence for the Impaired Activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in Patients With Chronic Fatigue Syndrome"; Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, December 1991.

• NEUROENDOCRINE STUDIES IN CHRONIC FATIGUE SYMPTOMS
  Dr Anthony J Cleare, Senior Lecturer in Psychological Medicine, Guy's King's and St Thomas' school of Medicine, London.

• Cleare AJ. The neuroendocrinology of chronic fatigue syndrome.Endocr Rev.2003; 24:236–52.25.

• Jason LA, Sorenson M, Porter N, Belkairous N (2010), "An Etiological Model for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome", Neuroscience & Medicine, 2011, 2, 14-27, PMID: 21892413

• Cleare AJ, O'Keane V, Miell J. Plasma leptin in chronic fatigue syndrome and a placebo-controlled study of the effects of low dose hydrocortisone on leptin secretion. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf).2001; 55:113–9

• McKenzie R, O'Fallon A, Dale J, et al. Low-dose hydrocortisone for treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome : a randomized controlled trial. JAMA.1998;280:1061–6

• Cleare AJ, Heap E, Malhi G S, et al. Low-dose hydrocortisone in chronic fatigue syndrome : a randomised cross over trial.Lancet.1999;353:455–8

| Back to Listing at top of page |

• Evidence for impaired activation of hypothalmic-pituary axis in patients with CFS. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 1991, 73, 1224-1234. MA. Demitrack.

• Evidence for impaired activation of the hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal axis in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Demitrack, MA, Dale, JK, Straus, SE., Laue, L., Listwalk, SJ., Kruesi, MJP., Chrousos, GP and Gold, PW.; Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 1991, 73, 1224-1234.

• Defective dexamethasone induced growth hormone release in chronic fatigue syndrome: evidence for glucocorticoid receptor resistance and lack of plasticity? Majeed, T., Dinan, TG., Thakore, J., Gray, C and Behan, PO.; Journal of the Irish Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons, 1995, 24, 1, 20-24.

• Papadopoulos AS, Cleare AJ. Hypothalamic - pituitary - adrenal axis dysfunction in chronic fatigue syndrome. Nat Rev Endocrinol ( 2011 ) 8 : 22 - 32. doi: 10.1038/ nrendo.2011.153.

• Torres - Harding S, Sorenson M, Jason L, Maher K, Fletcher MA, Reynolds N, et al. The associations between basal salivary cortisol and illness symptomatology in chronic fatigue syndrome. J Appl Biobehav Res ( 2008 ) 13 : 157 - 180.

• MacHale SM, Cavanagh JT, Bennie J, Carroll S, Goodwin GM, Lawrie SM. Diurnal variation of adrenocortical activity in chronic fatigue syndrome. Neuropsychobiology ( 1998 ) 38 : 213 - 217. doi: 10.1159/000026543.

• Jammes Y, Steinberg JG, Delliaux S, Brégeon F. Chronic fatigue syndrome combines increased exercise - induced oxidative stress and reduced cytokine and Hsp responses. J Intern Med ( 2009 ) 266 : 196 - 206. doi: 10.1111/j.1365 - 2796.2009.02079.x.

• Kavelaars A , Kuis W , Knook L , Sinnema G , Heijnen CJ . Disturbed neuroendocrine- immune interactions in chronic fatigue syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Feb;85 (2):692-6. PMID: 10690878

• Disturbance of hypothalamic function and evidence for persistent enteroviral infection in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Richardson, J.; Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, 1995, 1, 2, 59-66.

• Ur E et al. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci l992; 241: 317

• Scott LV, Dinan TG. J Affect Disord 1998; 47: 49

• Scott LV, Medbak S, Dinan TG. The low dose ACTH test in chronic fatigue syndrome and in health. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf).1998; 48:733–7.

• Crofford LJ, Young EA, Engleberg NC, et al. Basal circadian and pulsatile ACTH and cortisol secretion in patients with fibromyalgia and/or chronic fatigue syndrome .Brain Behav Immun. 2004;18:314–25.33.

• Buskila D, Press J. Neuroendocrine mechanisms in fibromyalgia-chronic fatigue.Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol.2001; 15:747–58

• Bakheit AM et al. Acta Neurol Scand l993; 87: 234 "Arginine-vasopressin secretion was found to be erratic in patients with CFS and also total body water content was increased. The investigators suggested that these findings might indicate hypothalamic dysfunction in CFS, perhaps triggered by a persistent viral infection."

• Bakheit AM et al. BMJ 1992; 304: 1010

• "Association of Corticosteroid-Binding Globulin Gene Polymorphisms with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome"
  Torpy, et al . Medical University of Queensland, Brisbane (Australia)
  Research findings presented to the 84th Annual Meeting of The Endocrine Society, held on June 19-22, 2001, in San Francisco

• "Dr Vesselinova has been measuring blood and salivary melatonin levels through the night and found them to be depressed in CFS patients. This is to be expected since we know that hormone output from the hypothalamus/pituitary/adrenal axis is abnormal, so the pineal, a similar gland, is likely to be affected."
  Dr. Sarah Myhill, Wales, UK.  Dr Vesselinova is a doctor at Lister Hospital in London, England.

• Altered Interrelations among Plasma Stress Hormones during Treadmill Exercise in Females with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome.
  Habib et al. The Clinical Nuroendocrinology Branch of the NIMH in Bethesda, MD, USA
  This project found "significant abnormalities in the interaction between the sympathetic-adrenal limb and the HPA limb of the stress system in CFS". This suggests that the abnormal catecuolamine metabolism could very well contribute to the deficient stress response in ME/CFIDS patients
  Research findings presented to the 84th Annual Meeting of The Endocrine Society, held on June 19-22, 2001, in San Francisco.

• Thyroid abnormalities in CFS patients.  "in CFS patients the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is damaged and not working properly. Therefore one sees a normal or low TSH and depressed T4 in CFS."
  Research by Dr. Sarah Myhill, author of  book "Diagnosing and treating Chronic Fatigue Syndrome",  www.drmyhill.co.uk
  

• Alterations in Diurnal Salivary Cortisol Rhythm in a Population-Based Sample of Cases With Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
  Urs M. Nater et al. Psychosomatic Medicine April 2008 vol. 70 no. 3 298-305

• An article in the Journal of Affective Disorders described a study in which cortisol levels were measured in 10 patients with CFS, 15 patients with major depression, and 25 healthy controls. Baseline circulating cortisol levels were highest in the depressed patients; lowest in the CFS patients; and intermediate between the two in the control group of 25 healthy individuals. Prolactin responses to the selective serotonin-releasing agent d-fenfluramine were lowest in the depressed patients, highest in the CFS patients, and intermediate between both in the healthy group. The authors concluded that depression is associated with hypercortisolemia and reduced central serotonin neurotransmission and suggest that CFS may be associated with hypocortisolemia and increased 5-HT function (Cleare et al. 1995).

• Abnormal 5 H-T axis and abnormal production of cortisol. (Professor Peter Behan, The Institute of Neurological Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland.)

• Jason LA, Sorenson M, Porter N, Belkairous N (2010), "An Etiological Model for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome", Neuroscience & Medicine, 2011, 2, 14-27, PMID: 21892413

• Dr. Straus, working with researchers at the National Institute of Mental Health and the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, found that CFS patients have decreased amounts of a hormone called cortisol, which is part of the natural "fight or flight" response. CFS patients also have decreased amounts of the hormone that instructs the brain to produce cortisol, which is called CRH (which is short for "corticotropin releasing hormone").

• Torpy DJ, Bachmann AW, Grice JE, et al. 2001 Familial corticosteroid-binding globulin deficiency due to a novel null mutation: association with fatigue and relative hypotension. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:3692-3700.

• Wheatland R . Chronic ACTH autoantibodies are a significant pathological factor in the disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in chronic fatigue syndrome, anorexia nervosa and major depression. Med Hypotheses. 2005;65(2):287-95. PMID: 15885924

• Torpy DJ, Bachmann AW, Gartside M, et al. 2004 Association between chronic fatigue syndrome and the corticosteroid-binding globulin geen ALA SER224 polymorphism. Endocrine Res 30:417-429.

• Scott LV, Dinan TG: Urinary free cortisol excretion in chronic fatigue syndrome, major depression and in healthy volunteers. J Affect Disord 1998, 47:49-54.

• Narita M, Nishigami N, Narita N, et al. 2003 Association between serotonin transported gene polymorphism and chronic fatigue syndrome. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 311:264-266.

• I. J. Elenkov, R.L. Wilder, G. P. Chrousos and E. S. Vizi, "The Sympathetic Nerve—An Integrative Interface Between Two Supersystems: The Brain and the Immune System," Pharmacological Reviews, Vol. 52, No. 2, 2000, pp. 595-638.

• B. V. Van Houdenhove, F. Van Den Eede and P. Luyten, "Does Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Hypofunction in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Reflect a 'Crash in the Stress System?" Medical Hypothesis, Vol. 72, No. 6,2009, pp. 701-705. .

• Straus, Stephen E. et al.; "Lymphocyte Phenotype and Function in the Chronic Fatigue Syndrome"; Journal of Clinical Immunology 13(1):30, 1993.

• Straus, Stephen E. et al.; "Allergy and the Chronic Fatigue Syndrome"; Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 81:791, May 1988.

• ME outbreaks suggesting HPA axis and brain abnormalities and role of viruses and other pathogens
  Viruses have been isolated from the muscles of ME patients during epidemics. Using PCR methods, 50% or more of patients had evidence of such infection.

  • Hyde BM. Myalgic encephalomyelitis (chronic fatigue syndrome): an historic perspective. Can Dis Wkly Rep. 1991 Jan;17 Suppl 1E:5-8. PMID: 1669354
  • Brodrick J. Myalgic encephalomyelitis: yuppie 'flu--a real illness. Interview by Charlotte Alderman. Nurs Stand. 1990 Aug 29-Sep 4;4(49):18. PMID: 2119747
  • Wilson CW. Myalgic encephalomyelitis: an alternative theory. J R Soc Med. 1990 Aug; 83(8):481-3. PMID: 2231572 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1292769/pdf/jrsocmed00133-0005b.pdf
  • Dowsett EG, Ramsay AM, McCartney RA, Bell EJ. Myalgic encephalomyelitis--a persistent enteroviral infection? Postgrad Med J. 1990 Jul;66(777):526-30. PMID: 2170962 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2429637/pdf/postmedj00163-0031.pdf 
  • Lynch S, Seth R. Depression and myalgic encephalomyelitis. J R Soc Med. 1990 May; 83(5):341. PMID: 2380955 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1292666/pdf/jrsocmed00136-0073a.pdf
  • Shepherd C. How I treat myalgic encephalomyelitis: forum. Practitioner. 1990 Apr 8;234 (1486):326. PMID: 2371218
  • Powell S. Myalgic encephalomyelitis. Br J Gen Pract. 1990 Apr;40(333):170. No abstract available. PMID: 2115368 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1371257/pdf/brjgenprac00081-0042a.pdf
  • Hodson AD. Myalgic encephalomyelitis. J R Soc Med. 1990 Mar;83(3):199-200. PMID: 20894766 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1292588/pdf/jrsocmed00138-0079c.pdf
  • Myalgic encephalomyelitis. J R Soc Med. 1990 Mar;83(3):199-200. No abstract available. PMID: 2325071 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1292587/pdf/jrsocmed00138-0079b.pdf 
  • Prasher D, Smith A, Findley L. Sensory and cognitive event-related potentials in myalgic encephalomyelitis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1990 Mar;53(3):247-53. PMID: 2324756 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1014138/pdf/jnnpsyc00513-0063.pdf
  • Grist NR. Myalgic encephalomyelitis: postviral fatigue and the heart. BMJ. 1989 Nov 11;299(6709):1219. PMID: 2513065 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1838100/pdf/bmj00258-0049b.pdf
  • Lev M. Myalgic encephalomyelitis. J R Soc Med. 1989 Nov;82(11):693-4. PMID: 2593126 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1292388/pdf/jrsocmed00144-0069.pdf
  • Snow P. Myalgic encephalomyelitis. N Z Med J. 1989 Aug 23;102(874):449.  
  • Murdoch JC. The myalgic encephalomyelitis syndrome. N Z Med J. 1989 Jul 26;102 (872):372-3. PMID: 2797553
  • Coakley JH. Myalgic encephalomyelitis and muscle fatigue. BMJ. 1989 Jun 24;298 (6689):1711-2. PMID: 2503189
  • Zala J. Diagnosing myalgic encephalomyelitis. Practitioner. 1989 Jun 22;233(1471): 916-9. PMID: 2594656 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1836756/pdf/bmj00237-0063d.pdf
  • Myalgic encephalomyelitis. BMJ. 1989 Jun 10;298(6687):1577-8. PMID: 2503125 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1836797/pdf/bmj00235-0051b.pdf
  • Welch JC. Abnormal erythrocytes in myalgic encephalomyelitis. N Z Med J. 1989 Apr 26;102(866):202. PMID: 2710458
  • Simpson LO. Nondiscocytic erythrocytes in myalgic encephalomyelitis. N Z Med J. 1989 Mar 22;102(864):126-7. PMID: 2927808
  • Cant BR. Myalgic encephalomyelitis. N Z Med J. 1989 Feb 8;102(861):52. PMID: 2739970
  • Willoughby E. Myalgic encephalomyelitis. N Z Med J. 1989 Jan 25;102(860):19-20. PMID: 2913521
  • Shepherd C. Myalgic encephalomyelitis--is it a real disease? Practitioner. 1989 Jan;233 (1461):41-2, 44, 46. PMID: 2798285
  • Murdoch JC. The myalgic encephalomyelitis syndrome. Fam Pract. 1988 Dec;5(4): 302-6. Review. PMID: 2852613
  • Myalgic encephalomyelitis. N Z Med J. 1988 Nov 23;101(858):800-1. PMID: 3194079
  • Hyde B, Bergmann S. Akureyri disease (myalgic encephalomyelitis), forty years later. Lancet. 1988 Nov 19;2(8621):1191-2. PMID: 2903396 
  • Willoughby EW. Myalgic encephalomyelitis. N Z Med J. 1988 Nov 9;101(857):773. PMID: 3186037
  • Spracklen FH. The chronic fatigue syndrome (myalgic encephalomyelitis)--myth or mystery? S Afr Med J. 1988 Nov 5;74(9):448-52. Review. PMID: 3055363
  • Myalgic encephalomyelitis. N Z Med J. 1988 Oct 26;101(856 Pt 1):672. No abstract available. PMID: 3186016
  • Gordon N. Myalgic encephalomyelitis. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1988 Oct;30(5):677-82. Review. PMID: 3068084
  • Murdoch JC. Cell-mediated immunity in patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis syndrome. N Z Med J. 1988 Aug 10;101(851):511-2. PMID: 3261407
  • Myalgic encephalomyelitis, or what? Lancet. 1988 Jul 9;2(8602):100-1. PMID: 2898668
  • Holborow PL. Pathophysiology of myalgic encephalomyelitis. Med J Aust. 1988 Jun 6;148(11):598, 600. PMID: 3374430
  • Lloyd AR, Wakefield D, Boughton C, Dwyer J. What is myalgic encephalomyelitis? Lancet. 1988 Jun 4;1(8597):1286-7. PMID: 2897549
  • Archard LC, Bowles NE, Behan PO, Bell EJ, Doyle D. Postviral fatigue syndrome: persistence of enterovirus RNA in muscle and elevated creatine kinase. J R Soc Med. 1988 Jun;81(6):326-9. PMID: 3404526 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1291623/pdf/jrsocmed00161-0020.pdf
  • Bell EJ, McCartney RA, Riding MH. Coxsackie B viruses and myalgic encephalomyelitis. J R Soc Med. 1988 Jun;81(6):329-31. PMID: 2841461 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1291624/pdf/jrsocmed00161-0023.pdf
  • Jennekens FG, van Gijn J. [Postviral fatigue syndrome or myalgic encephalomyelitis]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 1988 May 28;132(22):999-1001. Dutch. PMID: 3380192
  • Wakefield D, Lloyd A, Dwyer J, Salahuddin SZ, Ablashi DV. Human herpesvirus 6 and myalgic encephalomyelitis. Lancet. 1988 May 7;1(8593):1059. PMID: 2896906
  • Maros K. Myalgic encephalomyelitis? Med J Aust. 1988 Apr 18;148(8):424. PMID: 3357477
  • Lloyd A, Hanna DA, Wakefield D. Interferon and myalgic encephalomyelitis. Lancet. 1988 Feb 27;1(8583):471. PMID: 2893889
  • Byrne E. Idiopathic chronic fatigue and myalgia syndrome (myalgic encephalomyelitis): some thoughts on nomenclature and aetiology. Med J Aust. 1988 Jan 18;148(2):80-2. PMID: 3336341
  • Ho-Yen DO, Carrington D, Armstrong AA. Myalgic encephalomyelitis and alpha- interferon. Lancet. 1988 Jan 16;1(8577):125. PMID: 2891971
  • Behan PO, Behan WM. Postviral fatigue syndrome. Crit Rev Neurobiol. 1988;4(2): 157-78. Review. PMID: 3063394
  • Matthew C. Myalgic encephalomyelitis and the doctor. N Z Med J. 1987 Sep 9;100(831): 569. PMID: 3451147
  • Mukherjee TM, Smith K, Maros K. Abnormal red-blood-cell morphology in myalgic encephalomyelitis. Lancet. 1987 Aug 8;2(8554):328-9. PMID: 2886780
  • Archer MI. The post-viral syndrome: a review. J R Coll Gen Pract. 1987 May;37(298): 212-4. Review. PMID: 3320358 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1710789/pdf/jroyalcgprac00029-0021.pdf 
  • Matthew C. Myalgic encephalomyelitis. N Z Med J. 1986 Sep 10;99(809):678. PMID: 3463904
  • Blackmore RJ. Myalgic encephalomyelitis and Immunovir. N Z Med J. 1986 Jul 9;99 (805):513. PMID: 3461389
  • McCartney RA, Banatvala JE, Bell EJ. Routine use of mu-antibody-capture ELISA for the serological diagnosis of Coxsackie B virus infections. J Med Virol. 1986 Jul;19(3): 205-12. PMID: 3016163
  • Simpson LO, Shand BI, Olds RJ. Blood rheology and myalgic encephalomyelitis: a pilot study. Pathology. 1986 Apr;18(2):190-2. PMID: 3093959
  • Rowlandson PH, Stephens JA. Cutaneous reflex responses recorded in children with various neurological disorders. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1985 Aug;27(4):434-47. PMID: 2993087
  • Staines D. Myalgic encephalomyelitis hypothesis. Med J Aust. 1985 Jul 22;143(2):91. PMID: 4021881 
  • Byrne E, Trounce I, Dennett X. Chronic relapsing myalgia (Post viral): clinical, histological, and biochemical studies. Aust N Z J Med. 1985 Jun;15(3):305-8. PMID: 3864422
  • Maurizi CP. Raphe nucleus encephalopathy (myalgic encephalomyelitis, epidemic neuromyasthenia). Med Hypotheses. 1985 Apr;16(4):351-4. PMID: 4010573
  • Myalgic encephalomyelitis. N Z Med J. 1985 Jan 23;98(771):20-1. PMID: 3855509
  • Gow PJ. Myalgic encephalomyelitis. N Z Med J. 1984 Dec 12;97(769):868. PMID: 6595571
  • Myalgic encephalomyelitis. N Z Med J. 1984 Nov 14;97(767):782. PMID: 6593632
  • Myalgic encephalomyelitis. N Z Med J. 1984 Oct 10;97(765):698-9. PMID: 6592485
  • Bell EJ, McCartney RA. A study of Coxsackie B virus infections, 1972-1983. J Hyg (Lond). 1984 Oct;93(2):197-203. PMID: 6094660 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2129449/pdf/jhyg00014-0036.pdf
  • Gow PJ. Myalgic encephalomyelitis. N Z Med J. 1984 Sep 12;97(763):620. PMID: 6591048 
  • Calder BD, Warnock PJ. Coxsackie B infection in a Scottish general practice. J R Coll Gen Pract. 1984 Jan;34(258):15-9. PMID: 6319691 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1959663/pdf/jroyalcgprac00169-0017.pdf
  • Keighley BD, Bell EJ. Sporadic myalgic encephalomyelitis in a rural practice. J R Coll Gen Pract. 1983 Jun;33(251):339-41. PMID: 6310105 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1972871/pdf/jroyalcgprac00078-0021.pdf
  • Fegan KG, Behan PO, Bell EJ. Myalgic encephalomyelitis--report of an epidemic. J R Coll Gen Pract. 1983 Jun;33(251):335-7. PMID: 6310104
  • Know your organizations: the Myalgic Encephalomyelitis Association. Health Visit. 1982 Jul;55(7):350. PMID: 6921182
  • Parish G. Myalgic encephalomyelitis: faulty fibres? Nurs Mirror. 1981 Oct 7;153(15): 41-2. PMID: 6913031
  • Ramsay M. Myalgic encephalomyelitis: a baffling syndrome. Nurs Mirror. 1981 Oct 7;153(15):40-1. PMID: 6913030
  • Parish JG. Myalgic encephalomyelitis. Lancet. 1981 Apr 25;1(8226):950-1. PMID: 6112360 
  • Layzer RB. Myoglobinaemia in benign myalgic encephalomyelitis. Lancet. 1981 Mar 21;1(8221):670. PMID: 6110899
  • Goodwin CS. Was it benign myalgic encephalomyelitis? Lancet. 1981 Jan 3;1(8210): 37-8. PMID: 6109065
  • May PG, Donnan SP, Ashton JR, Ogilvie MM, Rolles CJ. Personality and medical perception in benign myalgic encephalomyelitis. Lancet. 1980 Nov 22;2(8204):1122-4. PMID: 6107734
  • Church AJ. Myalgic encephalomyelitis. Med J Aust. 1980 Aug 23;2(4):224. PMID: 7432298
  • Behan PO. Epidemic myalgic encephalomyelitis. Practitioner. 1980 Aug;224(1346): 805-7. PMID: 7433399
  • Bishop J. Epidemic myalgic encephalomyelitis. Med J Aust. 1980 Jun 14;1(12):585-6, 609. PMID: 7402153
  • Sheldon, A., Habel, K., Verder, E. and Welsh, W. Epidemic neuromyasthenia. An outbreak of poliomyelitis-like illness in student nurses. New England J. Med., 257: 345, 1957.
  • Poskanzer, D.C., Henderson, D.A., Kunkle, E.C., Kalter, S.S., Clement W.B. and Bland J.O. Epidemic neuromyasthenia. An outbreak in Punta Gorda, Florida. New England J. Med., 257: 356, 1957.
  • Deisher J.B. Benign myalgic encephalomyelitis (Iceland disease) in Alaska. Northwest Med., 56: 1451, 1957
  • Ramsay AM, Rundle A. Clinical and biochemical findings in ten patients with benign myalgic encephalomyelitis. Postgrad Med J. 1979 Dec;55(654):856-7. PMID: 548947 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2425703/?tool=pubmed
  • Pampiglione G, Harris R, Kennedy J. Electro-encephalographic investigations in myalgic encephalomyelitis. Postgrad Med J. 1978 Nov;54(637):752-4. PMID: 746023 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1606252/pdf/brmedj00135-0058a.pdf
  • Behan PO. Post-infectious encephalomyelitis: some aetiological mechanisms. Postgrad Med J. 1978 Nov;54(637):755-9. PMID: 34143 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1606252/pdf/brmedj00135-0058a.pdf
  • Wookey C. Epidemic myalgic encephalomyelitis. Br Med J. 1978 Jul 15;2(6131):202. PMID: 678851
  • Epidemic myalgic encephalomyelitis. Br Med J. 1978 Jun 3;1(6125):1436-7. PMID: 647324 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1604957/pdf/brmedj00128-0006b.pdf
  • Ramsay AM, Dowsett EG, Dadswell JV, Lyle WH, Parish JG. Icelandic disease (benign myalgic encephalomyelitis or Royal Free disease) Br Med J. 1977 May 21;1(6072): 1350. PMID: 861618 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1607215/pdf/brmedj00463-0058b.pdf 
  • Parish JG. Benign myalgic encephalomyelitis. Br J Psychiatry. 1973 Jun;122(571):735. PMID: 4716076
  • Ramsay AM. Benign myalgic encephalomyelitis. Br J Psychiatry. 1973 May;122(570): 618-9. PMID: 4717041
  • Walther H. [Epidemic myalgic encephalomyelitis]. Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax. 1972 Apr 11;61(15):469-80. German. PMID: 5022278
  • Benign myalgic encephalomyelitis. Med J Aust. 1970 Jul 4;2(1):3. PMID: 5447847
  • Lyle WH. Encephalomyelitis resembling benign myalgic encephalomyelitis. Lancet. 1970 May 23;1(7656):1118-9. PMID: 4191997
  • Innes SG. Encephalomyelitis resembling benign myalgic encephalomyelitis. Lancet. 1970 May 9;1(7654):969-71. PMID: 4191935
  • Mourad S, Chidiac J. Benign myalgic encephalomyelitis in Lebanon. J Med Liban. 1969;22(6):735-40. PMID: 5370523
  • Kendell RE. The psychiatric sequelae of benign myalgic encephalomyelitis. Br J Psychiatry. 1967 Aug;113(501):833-40. PMID: 6048369
  • Gsell O. [Benign myalgic encephalomyelitis, epidemic pseudoneurasthenia]. Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 1963 Feb 2;93:197-200. German. PMID: 13950994
  • Price JL. Myalgic encephalomyelitis. Lancet. 1961 Apr 8;1(7180):737-8. PMID: 13737972
  • Pool JH, Walton JN, Brewis EG, Uldall PR, Wright AE, Gardner PS. Benign myalgic encephalomyelitis in Newcastle upon Tyne. Lancet. 1961 Apr 8;1(7180):733-7. PMID: 13737057
  • Klajman A, Pinkhas B, Rannon L. [An outbreak of an epidemic of benign myalgic encephalomyelitis]. Harefuah. 1960 May 15;58:314-5. Hebrew. PMID: 14409571
  • Bornstein B, Bechar M, Lass H. Benign myalgic encephalomyelitis. (Report of five cases). Psychiatr Neurol (Basel). 1960 Mar;139:132-40. PMID: 13802904
  • Daikos GK, Garzonis S, Paleologue A, Bousvaros GA, Papadoyannakis N. Benign myalgic encephalomyelitis: an outbreak in a nurses' school in Athens. Lancet. 1959 Apr 4;1(7075):693-6. PMID: 13642848  
  • Acheson ED. The clinical syndrome variously called benign myalgic encephalomyelitis, Iceland disease and epidemic neuromyasthenia. Am J Med. 1959 Apr;26(4):569-95. PMID: 13637100 http://www.meresearch.org.uk/information/keypubs/Acheson_AmJMed.pdf
  • Bhatia BB, Chandra S, Bhushan C. Benign myalgic encephalomyelitis. J Indiana State Med Assoc. 1958 Oct;31(8):327-8. PMID: 13611265
  • Gsell O. [Encephalitis myalgica epidemica, a poliomyelitis-like disease; epidemic neuromyasthenia, benign myalgic encephalomyelitis]. Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 1958 May 17;88(20):488-91. German. PMID: 13568694
  • Greene IM. Benign myalgic encephalomyelitis; syndrome mimicking anterior poliomyelitis. J Fla Med Assoc. 1958 Apr;44(10):1105-6. PMID: 13525606
  • Galpin JF. Benign myalgic encephalomyelitis. Br J Clin Pract. 1958 Mar;12(3):186-8 passim. PMID: 13510534
  • Deisher JB. Benign myalgic encephalomyelitis (Iceland disease) in Alaska. Northwest Med. 1957 Dec;56(12):1451-6. PMID: 13484090
  • [Benign epidemic myalgic encephalomyelitis]. Recenti Prog Med. 1957 Nov;23(5): 525-31. Italian. PMID: 13518620 
  • EPIDEMIC myalgic encephalomyelitis. Br Med J. 1957 Oct 19;2(5050):927-8. PMID: 13472011 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1962482/pdf/brmedj03125-0047.pdf
  • Acheson ED. Benign myalgic encephalomyelitis. Lancet. 1957 Apr 20;272(6973):834-5. PMID: 13417614
  • Galpine JF, Brady C. Benign myalgic encephalomyelitis. Lancet. 1957 Apr 13;272 (6972):757-8. PMID: 13417586
  • Lindan R. Benign Myalgic Encephalomyelitis. Can Med Assoc J. 1956 Oct 1;75(7): 596-7. PMID: 20325349 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1824640/pdf/canmedaj00742-0051.pdf
  • Blattner RJ. Benign myalgic encephalomyelitis (Akureyri disease, Iceland disease). J Pediatr. 1956 Oct;49(4):504-6. PMID: 13358047 
  • A new Clinical Entity ? Lancet 1956
  • Outbreak at the Royal Free. E.D Acheson. The Lancet, Volume 266, Issue 6886, Pages 394 - 395, 20 August 1955.

  Years of Epidemics
  1917 Van Economo reports an illness involving brain and neurological inflammation and great fatigue and some deaths. See paper 'New Clinical Entity' published in the Lancet in 1956.
  1918 - 1924, several outbreaks of an illness involving brain and neurological inflammation and fatigue reported throughout Europe. See paper 'New Clinical Entity' published in the Lancet in 1956.
  1924 England and Wales 5,039 cases of encephalitis lethargica. See paper 'New Clinical Entity' published in the Lancet in 1956.
  1934 Los Angeles County Hospital. Called 'Atypical Poliomyelitis'
  1936 Fond Du Lac, Wisconsin - St. Agnes Convent - Encephalitis
  1937 Erstfeld, Switzerland - Abortive Poliomyelitis
  1937 St. Gallen, Switzerland - Frohburg Hospital – Abortive Poliomyelitis
  1939 Middlesex, England - Harefield Sanatorium
  1939 Degersheim, Switzerland - Abortive Poliomyelitis
  1945 Pennsylvania. Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania - epidemic Pleurodynia
  1946 Iceland disease resembling Poliomyelitis with the character of Akureyri disease
  1948 Iceland, North Coast towns - epidemic simulating Poliomyelitis
  1949 Adelaide, South Australia - a disease resembling Poliomyelitis
  1949 Cambridgeshire, England - aberrant poliomyelitis. Involvement of other Enteroviruses suspected.
  1950 Louisville, Kentucky -- St. Joseph 's Infirmary - epidemic Neuromyasthenia
  1950 Upper State New York -- outbreak resembling the Iceland disease, simulating " acute Anterior Poliomyelitis
  1952 London, England - Middlesex Hospital Nurses ' Home - Encephalomyelitis associated with Poliomyelitis virus
  1952 Copenhagen, Denmark - epidemic Myositis
  1952 Lakeland, Florida - epidemic Neuromyasthenia
  1953 Coventry and District, England - an illness resembling Poliomyelitis observed in nurses
  1953 Rockville, Maryland - Chestnut Lodge Hospital - Poliomyelitis-like epidemic Neuromyasthenia
  1953 Jutland, Denmark - epidemic Encephalitis with vertigo
  1954 Seward, Alaska - benign Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (Iceland Disease)
  1954 Berlin, Germany - British army - further outbreak of a disease resembling Poliomyelitis
  1954 Liverpool, England - outbreak among medical and nursing staff in a local hospital
  1955 Dalston, Cumbria, England – epidemic and sporadic outbreak of an unusual disease
  1955 London, England - Royal Free Hospital - outbreak in staff and patients of Benign Myalgic Encephalomyelitis
  1955 Hampstead, London
  1955 Perth, Australia - virus epidemic in waves
  1955 Gilfac Goch, Wales - outbreak of benign Myalgic Encephalomyelitis
  1955 Durban City, South Africa - Addington Hospital - outbreak among nurses of Durban Mystery Disease
  1955 Segbwema, Sierra Leone - outbreak of Encephalomyelitis
  1955 Patreksfjorour and Porshofn, Iceland - unusual response to polio vaccine
  1955 Northwest London, England - nurses ' residential home - acute Infective Encephalomyelitis simulating poliomyelitis
  1956 Ridgefield, Connecticut - epidemic Neuromyasthenia
  1956 Punta Gorda Florida - outbreak of epidemic Neuromyasthenia
  1956 Newton-le-Willows, Lancashire, England - Lymphocytic Meningoencephalitis with myalgia and rash
  1956 Pittsfield and Williamstown, Massachusetts - benign Myalgic Encephalomyelitis
  1956 Coventry, England - epidemic malaise, benign Myalgic Encephalomyelitis
  1957 Brighton, South Australia - Cocksakie Echo virus Meningitis, epidemic Myalgic Encephalomyelitis
  1958 Athens, Greece - nurses ' school - outbreak of benign Myalgic Encephalomyelitis with periostitis and arthopathy noted.
  1958 Southwest London, England - reports of sporadic cases of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis
  1959 Newcastle Upon Tyne, England - outbreak of benign Myalgic Encephalomyelitis
  1961 Basel, Switzerland - sporadic cases of benign Myalgic Encephalomyelitis
  1961 New York State - outbreak of epidemic Neuromyasthenia in a convent
  1964 Northwest London, England - epidemic malaise, epidemic Neuromyasthenia
  1964 Franklin, Kentucky - outbreak of Neuromyasthenia in a factory
  1967 Edinburgh, Scotland - sporadic cases resembling benign Myalgic Encephalomyelitis
  1968 " Fraidek, Lebanon - benign Myalgic Encephalomyelitis
  1969 Brooklyn, New York - State University of New York Downstate Medical Center - epidemic Neuromyasthenia, unidentified symptom complex
  1970 Lackland Air Force Base, Texas - epidemic Neuromyasthenia
  1970 London, England - Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children - outbreak of Neuromyasthenia among nurses
  1975 Sacramento, California - Mercy San Juan Hospital - Infectious Venulitis, epidemic " Phelobodynia
  1976 Southwest Ireland - epidemic Neuromyasthenia, benign Myalgic Encephalomyelitis
  1977 Dallas – Fort Worth, Texas - epidemic Neuromyasthenia
  1979 Southampton, England - Myalgic Encephalomyelitis
  1980 West Kilbridge, Ayrshire, Scotland - epidemic Myalgic Encephalomyelitis
  1980 San Francisco, California – epidemic persistent flu-like illness
  1981 Stirlingshire, Scotland - sporadic Myalgic Encephalomyelitis
  1982 West Otago, Dunedin and Hamilton, New Zealand - Myalgic Encephalomyelitis
  1983 Los Angeles, California - initial cases of an unknown, chronic symptom complex involving profound "fatigue"
  1984 Lake Tahoe Area of California/Nevada - start of a yearlong epidemic involving " over 160 cases of chronic illness eventually characterized as Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
  Source: Paradigm Change web site

| Back to Listing at top of page |

|  Back to Scientific listing Index  |